For the Linux operating systems there are two main standards determine hierarchy of directories in main file system: FSSTND and FHS. The FHS is an improved version of FSSTND which is addressed not only for Linux systems but also for other Unix-like distributions.
According to the FHS all files there are in some hierarchical structure with one root "/" (it does not depend on whether these files are on one logic disc or many).
/bin/ - basic executable files available for all users
/boot/ - bootloader files
/dev/ - files connected with devices
/etc/ - configuration files
/home/ - home directories of users
/lib/ - libraries for programs from /bin and /sbin directories
/mnt/ - using for mounting file systems
/media/ - mount-points for removable devices
/opt/ - application compiled in statical way
/proc/ - informs about processes state
/root/ - home directory for root user
/sbin/ - application using for system management
/tmp/ - temporary files
/usr/ - second-level hierarchy sharing between users
/var/ - various types of files
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